1958 Graduated from the Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario Engineering Physics.
1959 B.Sc. Queen's Engineering Physics.
1960 M.A. Toronto Low Temperature Solid State Physics.
1963 Ph.D. Toronto Low Temperature Solid State Physics. Ph.D. Thesis "Thermal Expansion of NaC1, NaI, KC1 KBr and Invar Between 4K and 300K" Supervisor Professor G.M. Graham.
1985-86 National Defence College, Kingston, Ontario Thesis "Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution: The Keys to Canadian Foreign and Defence Policies" .