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Citing Sources in History:
A Brief Guide for Undergraduates at the University of Prince Edward Island
This guide is based on:
The Chicago Manual of Style. 14th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. Available: Robertson Library INFO DESK: Z253.U69 1993.
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 6th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Available: Robertson Library INFO DESK: LB2369.T8 1996.
Refer to these two publications for examples of how to cite materials not covered in this basic guide.
“Citing” or “citation” is the precise documentation of historical evidence gathered from various sources--whether print, oral, audio-visual, or electronic.
You must document:
direct quotations; any paraphrase or summary you make of a particular source; and facts that are not common knowledge, or that could not be accessed in a standard reference work.
Not documenting your evidence means you are guilty of plagiarism, or an attempt to pass off someone else’s words as your own. University students often inadvertently plagiarize by copying passages word-for-one from sources, and then later using this material in their papers without crediting the sources. Avoid committing unintentional plagiarism by taking notes in your own words, identifying direct quotations, and citing sources. For more information on plagiarism, consult Plagiarism in the Virtual Era http://www.upei.ca/library/html/plagiarism.html
You will need to include both notes and a bibliography in each of your research papers.
A note precisely documents a piece of evidence. A bibliography lists the sources used in writing the paper, including all the sources cited in notes, as well as any important works you found helpful, but did not cite. Full details are included about each source, enabling readers to locate it.
Notes provide complete publication information either at the bottom of the page (footnotes) or at the end of the paper (endnotes). A raised Arabic numeral in the text indicates that a quotation, summary, or paraphrase has been borrowed from a source; to find the publication information for that source, readers consult the footnote or endnote with the corresponding number. Notes are numbered consecutively throughout the paper. The first time you cite a source, the note should include publication information for that work, as well as the page number on which the specific quotation, paraphrase, or summary may be found.
J. M. Bumsted, “The Land Question on Prince Edward Island and the Quitrent Controversy of 1802-1806,” Acadiensis 29 (Spring 2000) : 22.
or subsequent references to a source you have already cited, give the author’s last name, followed by a comma, and the page or pages cited.
Bumsted, 24.
If you cite more than one work by the same author, include a short form of the title in subsequent citations. A short form of the title of a book is italicized; a short form of the title of an article is put in quotation marks.
J. M. Bumsted, Land, Settlement and Politics on Eighteenth-Century Prince Edward Island (Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1987), 167.
Bumsted, Land, Settlement and Politics, 175.
A bibliography appears at the end of the paper. Alphabetize the list by the last names of the authors (or editors); if a work does not have an author or editor, alphabetize by the first word of the title (other than an initial article, such as “a”, “an”, or “the”).
If two or more works by the same author appear in the list, use the author’s name only for the first entry. For subsequent entries, use three dashes followed by a period. List the titles in alphabetical order.
Examples follow for how materials should appear in both a note and the bibliography.
book (with single author) book (with two or three authors) article in edited book periodical article periodical article in full text from an online database book review in a periodical unsigned newspaper article signed newspaper article dissertation or thesis unpublished interview by writer of paper videorecording or film radio or television programme world wide web email message listserv message
BOOK (WITH SINGLE AUTHOR)
Note
Edward MacDonald, If You’re Stronghearted: Prince Edward Island in the Twentieth Century (Charlottetown: Prince Edward Island Museum and Heritage Foundation, 2000), 137.
Bibliography
MacDonald, Edward. If You’re Stronghearted: Prince Edward Island in the Twentieth Century. Charlottetown: Prince Edward Island Museum and Heritage Foundation, 2000.
BOOK (WITH TWO OR THREE AUTHORS)
Note
Robert S. P. Jardine and L. Ann Coles, Daniel Heaney and Bellinda Abbott and Their Family 1807-1900, with Additions on the Families of Jane Large, Letitia Murray and Sarah Dignan (Charlottetown: The Offaly and Laois Family History Society, 1992), 67.
Bibliography
Jardine, Robert S. P., and L. Ann Coles. Daniel Heaney and Bellinda Abbott and Their Family 1807-1900, with Additions on the Families of Jane Large, Letitia Murray and Sarah Dignan. Charlottetown: The Offaly and Laois Family History Society, 1992.
ARTICLE IN EDITED BOOK
Note
David Weale, “The True Meaning of Crumbfest,” in At the Edge: A Book of Risky Stories, ed. Dan Yashinsky (Charlottetown: Ragweed Press, 1998), 183.
Bibliography
Weale, David. “The True Meaning of Crumbfest.” In At the Edge: A Book of Risky Stories, ed. Dan Yashinsky, 181-186. Charlottetown: Ragweed Press, 1998.
PERIODICAL ARTICLE
Note
Kathryn Carter, “An Economy of Words: Emma Chadwick Stretch’s Account Book Diary, 1859-1860,” Acadiensis 29 (Autumn 1999) : 49.
Bibliography
Carter, Kathryn. “An Economy of Words: Emma Chadwick Stretch’s Account Book Diary, 1859-1860.” Acadiensis 29 (Autumn 1999) : 43-56.
PERIODICAL ARTICLE IN FULL TEXT FROM AN ONLINE DATABASE
Note
John Gould, “Real Porridge, Please, and a Slice of Family Lore.” Christian Science Monitor 91 (June 1999) : 23. [database on-line] available from Academic Search, Article 1918484.
Bibliography
Gould, John. “Real Porridge, Please, and a Slice of Family Lore.” Christian Science Monitor 91 (June 1999) : 23. Database on-line. Available from Academic Search, Article 1918484.
BOOK REVIEW IN A PERIODICAL
Note
Andrew Robb, review of Six Crucial Decades: Times of Change in the History of the Maritimes, by John G. Reid, Canadian Historical Review 70 (March 1989) : 127.
Bibliography
Robb, Andrew. Review of Six Crucial Decades: Times of Change in the History of the Maritimes, by John G. Reid. Canadian Historical Review 70 (March 1989) : 126-127
UNSIGNED NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Note
“What the Maritime Union Study Will Do,” Financial Post, 16 November 1968, p.12.
Bibliography
“What the Maritime Union Study Will Do.” Financial Post, 16 November 1968, p.12.
SIGNED NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Note
Wayne Thibodeau, “Remembering the Fanny: Islanders Sailed for the Goldfields 150 Years Ago Today,” Guardian, 12 November 1999, sec. A, p. 3.
Bibliography
Thibodeau, Wayne. “Remembering the Fanny: Islanders Sailed for the Goldfields 150 Years Ago Today.” Guardian, 12 November 1999, sec. A, p. 3.
DISSERTATION OR THESIS
Note
Lori E. Weeks, “Comparison of Adult Day Services in Atlantic Canada, Maine, and Vermont” (Ph.D. diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va., 1998), 56.
Bibliography
Weeks, Lori E. “Comparison of Adult Day Services in Atlantic Canada, Maine, and Vermont.” Ph.D. diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va., 1998.
UNPUBLISHED INTERVIEW BY WRITER OF PAPER
Note
Mayor Basil Stewart of Summerside, interview by author, 30 September 2000, Summerside.
Bibliography
Stewart, Basil, mayor of Summerside. Interview by author, 30 September 2000, Summerside.
VIDEORECORDING OR FILM
Note
Abegweit: The Confederation Bridge, A Marvel of Canadian Engineering, prod. Pierre Bernier and Diane Poitras, dir. Serge Morin, 72 min. (Montreal: National Film Board of Canada, 1998), videocassette.
Bibliography
Abegweit: The Confederation Bridge, A Marvel of Canadian Engineering. Produced by Pierre Bernier and Diane Poitras. Directed by Serge Morin. 72 min. Montreal: National Film Board of Canada, 1998. Videocassette.
RADIO OR TELEVISION PROGRAMME
Note
“Compass,” CBC-TV, Charlottetown, P.E.I., March 31, 2000.
Bibliography
“Compass.” CBC-TV, Charlottetown, P.E.I., March 31, 2000.
WORLD WIDE WEB
Provide the following information:
author’s name (if known) title of document, in quotation marks title of complete work (if relevant), in italics date of publication, or last revision URL, in angle brackets date of access, in parentheses
Note
Colin Love, M. V. Abegweit, 13 July 2000,
< http://members.home.net/colinluv > (20 September 2000 ).
Bibliography
Love, Colin. M. V. Abegweit, 13 July 2000.
< http://members.home.net/colinluv > (20 September 2000).
EMAIL MESSAGE
Provide the following information:
author’s name (if known) subject line, in quotation marks date of sending type of communication (personal email, distribution list, office communication) date of access, in parentheses
Note
Douglas Boylan, “Walter Shaw,” 18 March 1999, personal email (19 March 1999).
Bibliography
Boylan, Douglas. “Walter Shaw.” 18 March 1999. Personal email (19 March 1999).
LISTSERV MESSAGE
Provide the following information:
author’s name (if known) subject line, in quotation marks date of posting listserv address, in angle brackets date of access, in parentheses
Note
Jean Nicholson, “Using Newspapers in Teaching Canadian History,” 12 September 1999, < aera-f@asu.edu > (20 October 1999).
Bibliography
Nicholson, Jean. “Using Newspapers in Teaching Canadian History,” 12 September 1999, < aera-f@asu.edu > (20 October 1999).
Created by: Betty M. Jeffery, B.A., M.L.S.
Instructional Services Coordinator
Robertson Library
Phone: 902-566-0741
Date Created: 16-Oct-2000
Approved by the Dept. of History: Oct-2000
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