FACULTY OF SCIENCE

• Master of Science - Environmental Sciences (ESC)
• Master of Science - Human Development and Health (HDH)
• Master of Science - Molecular and Macromolecular Sciences (MMS)
• PhD - Environmental Sciences
• PhD - Molecular and Macromolecular Sciences

FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

• Biomedical Sciences
• Companion Animals
• Health Management
• Pathology & Microbiology

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (ESC) COURSES

ESC 800 THESIS  

ESC 812 ADVANCED TOPICS IN ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
This course covers advances in practical and theoretical aspects of aquatic and terrestrial ecology, and represents one of the three general axes of research expertise within the Department. A combination of formal lectures, directed readings, and group discussion of journal articles is used. Students are expected to prepare written reports or present seminars.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science or permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
NOTE:  Responsibility for this course rests with the department of Biology.

ESC 813 ADVANCED TOPICS IN PLANT SCIENCE
This course covers current advances in botany, including plant development and morphology, anatomy and physiology, pollination biology, and biotechnology. A combination of formal lectures, directed readings, and group discussion of journal articles is used. Students are expected to prepare written reports or present seminars.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science and permission of the instructor.
NOTE:  Responsibility for this course rests with the department of Biology.

ESC 862 ADVANCED FRESHWATER ECOLOGY  
This course provides advanced study in the ecology of freshwater habitats, particularly those found on Prince Edward Island. The first part of the course concentrates on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of fresh waters, classfication of freshwater habitats, and applied limnology. A laboratory/field component includes an introduction to water analysis techniques and field equipment, field water analysis, the collection and analysis of biological samples, and the physical properties of water. The second part is a field/lab project on a limnological topic tailored to the student's individual program, and consists of an experimental or observational study coupled with a comprehensive literature review, project write-up, and oral presentation.
NOTE: Credit is not given for both Biology 462 (Limnology) and Biology 862 and ESC 862
NOTE:  Responsibility for this course rests with the department of Biology.

ESC 865 ADVANCES IN MARINE ECOLOGY 
This course provides an update on relevant areas of ongoing marine research. The first part of the course concentrates on marine ecology topics including benthic-pelagic coupling, dispersal and adult-larval interactions, animal-sediment relationships, biodiversity ecosystem services, encrusting communities and their interactions, and aquatic invasive species. The second part includes participation in regular discussion sessions based on analysis of advanced literature relevant to the discipline and to the student's particular research. Assignments include an essay relevant (but not restricted) to a student's field of research, and a seminar on a topic relating general ecological hypotheses to the topic addressed in the essay.
NOTE: Credit will not be given for both Biology 465 (Marine Community Ecology) and ESC 865.
PREREQUISITE: Entry into a graduate program program at UPEI and permission of the instructor. 
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3             
3 hours lecture and 3 hours lab/field trip per week, plus discussion group.     
NOTE:  Responsibility for this course rests with the department of Biology.  

MMS 884 ADVANCED SPECTROSCOPIC STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION
This course covers various forms of spectrometry used in the determination of structures in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry. Major topics include the theory and use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, in particular the use of 2D experiments; mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. Particular emphasis is placed on developing the students' ability to interpret spectra and elucidate the structure of a molecule based on this evidence. Spectroscopic techniques for the study of transient species are also discussed, including: laser flash photolysis (LFP); laser-induced fluorescence (LIF); and stopped-flow and relaxation methods for fast reaction studies.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to the graduate program.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
NOTE:  Responsibility for this course rests with the department of Chemistry.

MMS 890 SEMINAR IN MOLECULAR AND MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCES
In this course students attend regular departmental seminars. Students are also required to present a seminar on a topic within their discipline, but unrelated to their research project. Students must register for this course each semester, and receive a grade of "In Progress" until completion of their MSc programs.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to MSc Program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
NOTE:  Responsibility for this course rests with the department of Chemistry.

BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES

VBS 801 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY: PRINCIPLES, TECHNIQUES AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
This laboratory oriented course introduces students to the principles and procedures required for the examination of structures with the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the interpretation/analysis of ultrastructural features of cells and tissues.
PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 4
LECTURES: 3 hours
LABORATORIES: 4 hours

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VBS 803 PRINCIPLES OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH
This course provides graduate students in a biomedical field with general knowledge and principles of biomedical research. The lectures and tutorials cover topics like the scientific approach, experimental design, scientific writing, intellectual property, research ethics, preparing seminars, and grant writing. The laboratories focus on laboratory techniques that are useful in biomedical research.
LECTURES/TUTORIALS: 1-3 hours
LABORATORIES: 3 hours
HOURS OF CREDIT: 2 or 3

VBS 806 MORPHOLOGICAL IMAGING
This course is about imaging methods used in biomedical research. Provided is an overview of the spectrum of imaging techniques, along with application of selected methods that are typically used today.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LECTURE HOURS: 2 hours
LABORATORY HOURS: 3 hours

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VBS 817 CURRENT TOPICS IN MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY
This course deals with advanced topics in Marine Biotechnology. Topics include: marine microbiology, natural products biosynthesis, isolation and characterization of bioactive natural products, heterologous expression of biosynthetic genes, drug development, chemical ecology. The course will meet for three contact hours per week and will involve in-depth discussions of the relevant current literature.
PREREQUISITE: Chemistry 241/242 OR 243 and permission of instructor; a course in biochemistry would be an asset but is not required.
LECTURE:  3 hours
LAB/TUTORIAL:  0
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 

VBS 823 FUNDAMENTALS OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
This course is designed to enhance student knowledge of the basic concepts in developmental biology. Early development of vertebrates is discussed with emphasis on experimental and molecular analysis of developmental mechanisms.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 TUTORIAL: 3 hours

VBS 824 ADVANCED TOPICS IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
This course focuses on recent advances in developmental biology. Topics are selected from the recent literature according to student interests and may include embryonic induction, regulation of morphogenesis and differentiation, mechanisms of regional specification and pattern formation. PREREQUISITES: VBS 823 or permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 2 TUTORIAL: 2 hours 

VBS 845 ADVANCED ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY
This course provides in-depth analysis of environmental impacts of the major classes of contaminants including methodologies for environmental impacts assessment and monitoring. Effects of environmental contaminants are examined at the ecosystem, organismal, cellular, biochemical, and molecular levels. Additional emphasis is placed on understanding the fate of contaminants of concern in aquatic and terrestrial environments, environmental chemistry, biogeochemical cycles, and exposure and uptake pathways by organisms. The course consists of lectures, discussions of peer-reviewed literature, case studies, presentations by students, and laboratories.
PREREQUISITE: Permission of the instructor.
LECTURE/LAB: 3
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

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VBS 852 INTRODUCTION TO NEUROSCIENCE
This is a lecture/discussion course with supplemental laboratories and readings. Topics include introductions to neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and neuropharmacology of mammalian systems including current concepts in neuronal processing and integration.
PREREQUISITE: Undergraduate anatomy, physiology and pharmacology or equivalent and permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LECTURES: 1 hour
TUTORIALS: 2 hours

VBS 863 PRINCIPLES OF CELL PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
This advanced course on pharmacological principles is based on an understanding of cell physiology. The course covers membrane properties and principles of receptor function relevant to cell physiology and pharmacology and includes cellular, biochemical, and molecular aspects of drug actions. Students present and discuss weekly readings.
PREREQUISITES: Undergraduate biochemistry and physiology and permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LECTURE: 1 hour
TUTORIAL: 2 hours

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VBS 876 BIOCHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY
This course provides students with an understanding of the chemical and biochemical basis of toxicology. The principles of toxicology are the general focus of the course, but system specific aspects are covered with an emphasis on mechanisms of toxicity. The course includes lectures, seminars and student presentations.
PREREQUISITES: A course on Cellular Basis of Physiology and Pharmacology or an undergraduate course in pharmacology or toxicology that is approved by the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LECTURE: 1.5 hours
TUTORIAL: 1.5 hours

VBS 881-882 DIRECTED STUDIES
This course is a thorough study of a selected problem or topic in the discipline. The course may include directed reading, directed research, or collection and analysis of data. The student will prepare a written report and present a seminar on the topic.
PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 1-3

VBS 890 SEMINAR
In this course students attend and present annual seminars on topics in their discipline, are evaluated on their seminars, and provide constructive criticism to others giving seminars in the course.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to MSc program.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 1

VBS 892 ADVANCES IN FISH PHYSIOLOGY
This is an advanced course covering a range of selected topics on fish form and function. Interaction of fish with their ecosystems is emphasized. Students are actively involved by presenting and discussing readings provided weekly. Each student presents a formal seminar on a selected topic at the conclusion of the course.
PREREQUISITE: Undergraduate courses in animal physiology (i.e. Bio 402 or VBS 121 and 122, or equivalent) and permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LECTURES: 1 hour

VBS 990 SEMINAR
This is a seminar course in which students attend and present annual seminars on topics in their discipline, are evaluated on their seminars, and provide constructive criticism to others giving seminars in the course.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to PhD program.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 1

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COMPANION ANIMALS

VCA 811 ADVANCED MEDICINE OF THE RENAL, GENITOURINARY AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS
This course is a detailed study of the physiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of disorders of the renal and urinary systems of companion animals. Areas of current interest or controversy, as well as recent advances in knowledge and management in the field, are emphasized. Requirements for the course include critical evaluation of current literature and presentation of an informal seminar on a specific topic.
PREREQUISITE: Undergraduate courses in physiology, pathophysiology and medicine and permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 2
LECTURES: 2 hours

VCA 812 CLINICS IN SMALL ANIMAL INTERNAL MEDICINE I
This course is given in the fall or winter and provides initial training in small animal internal medicine. Students interview owners, carry out physical examinations, perform diagnostic procedures, interpret diagnostic tests and diagnose and treat canine and feline patients under the close supervision of small animal medicine faculty. Although students will have primary case responsibility, it is expected that they will consult frequently with small animal medicine faculty and have close supervision when performing clinical or diagnostic procedures. Topics discussed in rounds include those related to preventive medicine, nutrition, gastroenterology, nephrology, urology, oncology, cardiology, neurology, pulmonology, infectious disease, emergency medicine and critical care, endocrinology, hematology and immunology. Students enrolled in this course are expected to participate in emergency duty.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree and successful admission into a small animal medicine residency training program in the Deptartment of Companion Animals, AVC.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 ( Credits based on at least 6 to 7 hours/week of teaching rounds/seminars)

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VCA 813 CLINICS IN SMALL ANIMAL INTERNAL MEDICINE II
This course is given in the fall or winter and provides further training in small animal internal medicine. Students interview owners, carry out physical examinations, perform diagnostic procedures, interpret diagnostic tests and diagnose and treat canine and feline patients under the close supervision of small animal medicine faculty. Students will have primary case responsibility and will consult often with small animal medicine faculty. Students will be supervised as required when performing clinical or diagnostic procedures. Topics discussed in rounds include those related to preventive medicine, nutrition, gastroenterology, nephrology, urology, oncology, cardiology, neurology, pulmonology, infectious disease, emergency medicine and critical care, endocrinology, hematology and immunology. Students enrolled in this course are expected to participate in emergency duty.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree and successful completion of Clinics in Small Animal Internal Medicine I
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 ( Credits based on at least 6 to 7 hours/week of teaching rounds/seminars)

VCA 814 CLINICS IN ADVANCED SMALL ANIMAL INTERNAL MEDICINE I
This course is given in the fall or winter and provides advanced training in small animal internal medicine. Students interview owners, carry out physical examinations, perform diagnostic procedures, interpret diagnostic tests and diagnose and treat canine and feline patients under the supervision of small animal medicine faculty. Students will have primary case responsibility and consult with small animal medicine faculty on an as needed basis. Students will be supervised as required when performing clinical or diagnostic procedures. Students will also be required to supervise teaching rounds on an occasional basis. Topics discussed in rounds include those related to preventive medicine, nutrition, gastroenterology, nephrology, urology, oncology, cardiology, neurology, pulmonology, infectious disease, emergency medicine and critical care, endocrinology, hematology and immunology. Students enrolled in this course are expected to participate in emergency duty.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree and successful completion of Clinics in Small Animal Internal Medicine I & II
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 ( Credits based on at least 6 to 7 hours/week of teaching rounds/seminars)

VCA 815 CLINICS IN ADVANCED SMALL ANIMAL INTERNAL MEDICINE II
This course is given in the fall or winter and provides advanced training in small animal internal medicine. Students interview owners, carry out physical examinations, perform diagnostic procedures, interpret diagnostic tests and diagnose and treat canine and feline patients under the supervision of small animal medicine faculty. Students will have primary case responsibility and consult with small animal medicine faculty on an as needed basis. Students will be supervised as required when performing clinical or diagnostic procedures. Students will also be required to supervise teaching rounds on an occasional basis. Topics discussed in rounds include those related to preventive medicine, nutrition, gastroenterology, nephrology, urology, oncology, cardiology, neurology, pulmonology, infectious disease, emergency medicine and critical care, endocrinology, hematology and immunology. Students enrolled in this course are expected to participate in emergency duty.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree and successful completion of Clinics in Small Animal Internal Medicine I & II
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 ( Credits based on at least 6 to 7 hours/week of teaching rounds/seminars)
LECTURES:  2 hours

VCA 816 ADVANCED SURGERY OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
This course provides advanced training in small animal surgery, including the pathophysiology of advanced musculoskeletal diseases of companion animals and advanced surgical treatments. Topics include fracture management, juvenile orthopaedic disease, osteoarthritis and management, joint replacement, ligament and tendon injuries, immune mediated muscular and joint diseases, orthopaedic surgical instrumentation, and biomaterials used in orthopaedic implants. Students use refereed journal articles and approved textbooks, and practise advanced surgical procedures using cadavers and models in the laboratory component.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree and permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 (credits based on 3 hours of classroom instruction per week and 9 hours of laboratory time)

VCA 817 ADVANCED SURGERY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND REHABILITATION
This course provides advanced training in small animal surgery. Students are instructed in pathophysiology of advanced neurologic diseases of companion animals and advanced surgical and conservative treatment of these conditions. Topics include spinal fracture management, intervertebral disc disease, intracranial disease, immune mediated and infectious neurological diseases, neurological surgical instrumentation, and biomaterials used in neurosurgery. Students also discuss techniques and current theory regarding rehabilitation of neurologic animals and animals with musculoskeletal disease. Students use refereed journal articles and approved textbooks, and practise advanced surgical procedures using cadavers and models in the laboratory component.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree and permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 (credits based on 3 hours of classroom instruction per week and 9 hours of laboratory time)

VCA 818 ADVANCED SURGERY OF THE CARDIOTHORACIC SYSTEM
This course provides advanced training in small animal surgery. Students are instructed in advanced surgical management of diseases involving the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and thoracic cavity. Topics include pathophysiology of surgical diseases involving the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and thoracic cavity; advanced surgical techniques to treat these diseases; and post-operative care and prognosis. Diseases covered include patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary neoplasia, thoracic wall neoplasia and trauma, brachycephalic airway syndrome, laryngeal paralysis, and tracheal collapse. Students use refereed journal articles and approved textbooks, and practise advanced surgical procedures using cadavers and models in the laboratory component.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree and permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 (credits based on 3 hours of classroom instruction per week and 9 hours of laboratory time)

VCA 819 ADVANCED SURGERY OF THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM
This course provides advanced training in small animal surgery. Students are instructed in the pathophysiology of diseases of the urogenital system and surgical treatment of these diseases. Topics include pre-operative management of patients with renal insufficiency, and indications and surgical methods for diseases involving the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male and female reproductive systems. Specific techniques for diagnostics are discussed, as well as specific instrumentation and biomaterials for treating diseases involving the urogenital system. Students use refereed journal articles and approved textbooks, and practise advanced surgical procedures using cadavers and models in the laboratory component.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree and permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 (credits based on 3 hours of classroom instruction per week and 9 hours of laboratory time)

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VCA 821 ADVANCED MEDICINE OF THE CARDIAC, PULMONARY, AND NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEMS
This is a detailed study of the physiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of disorders of the cardiac, pulmonary, and neuromuscular systems of companion animals. Areas of current interest or controversy, as well as recent advances in knowledge and management in the field, will be emphasized. Requirements for the course may include critical evaluation of current literature and presentation of an informal seminar on a specific topic.
PREREQUISITE: Undergraduate courses in physiology, pathophysiology and medicine and permission of the instructor.
LECTURES: 2 hours
HOURS OF CREDIT: 2

VCA 822 ADVANCED SURGERY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS
This course provides advanced training in small animal surgery. Students are instructed in the pathophysiology of diseases of the gastrointestinal and endocrine systems and surgical treatment of these diseases. Topics include gastric dilation volvulus; intestinal and gastric foreign bodies; intestinal and gastric neoplasia; persistent right aortic arch; abdominal wall and diaphragmatic hernias; diseases of the liver and gallbladder; diseases of the colon, thyroid, and parathyroid; and adrenal disease. Specific techniques for diagnostics are discussed, as well as specific instrumentation and biomaterials for treating diseases involving the gastrointestinal system. Students use refereed journal articles and approved textbooks, and practise advanced surgical procedures using cadavers and models in the laboratory component.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree and permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 (credits based on 3 hours of classroom instruction per week and 9 hours of laboratory time)

VCA 823 ADVANCED SURGICAL BIOLOGY, WOUND MANAGEMENT, AND EAR DISEASE
This course provides advanced training in small animal surgery. Students are instructed in advanced surgical pathophysiology of wounds and ear diseases, as well as advanced concepts regarding biomaterials, asepsis, and critical care for trauma and post-operative patients. Topics include wound healing and grafting, methods of sterilization and pathophysiology of shock, use of blood transfusion medicine antibiotics in surgical patients, and general surgical techniques. Students use refereed journal articles and approved textbooks, and practise advanced surgical procedures using cadavers and models in the laboratory component.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree and permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 (credits based on 3 hours of classroom instruction per week and 9 hours of laboratory time)

VCA 831 ADVANCED MEDICINE OF GASTROINTESTINAL, HEMOLYMPHATIC, AND IMMUNOLOGIC SYSTEMS
This is a detailed study of the physiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of disorders of the gastrointestinal, hemolymphatic, and immunologic systems of companion animals. Areas of current interest or controversy, as well as recent advances in knowledge and management in the field, are emphasized. Requirements for the course will include critical evaluation of current literature and presentation of an informal seminar on a specific topic.
PREREQUISITE: Undergraduate courses in physiology, pathophysiology and medicine and permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 2
LECTURES: 2 hours

VCA 841 GRADUATE ANAESTHESIOLOGY  I: APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
This course is a detailed study of the physiology and pathophysiology of different body systems as they relate to the clinical practice of veterinary anaesthesiology. Reviewed are neural, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, and neuromuscular physiology, as well as body fluid composition and haemostasis. This course emphasizes clinically relevant aspects of the physiology and pathophysiology of different body systems and relates these aspects to the anaesthetic management of both small and large animals. The course is taught in a two-hour weekly seminar format using video conference links between anaesthesiology faculty and graduate students at the Atlantic Veterinary College and other Canadian veterinary colleges.
PREREQUISITE:  DVM or equivalent degree and permission of the instructor
LECTURES: 2 hours
HOURS OF CREDIT: 2

VCA 842 GRADUATE ANAESTHESIOLOGY II: APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY
This course is a detailed study of the pharmacology of different classes of anaesthetic and analgesic drugs as they relate to the clinical practice of veterinary anaesthesiology. Reviewed are the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sedatives, analgesics, injectable and inhalant anaesthetics, local anaesthetics, and muscle relaxants, as well as autonomic and anti-inflammatory drugs. This course emphasizes clinically relevant aspects of the pharmacology of different classes of anaesthetic and analgesic drugs and relate these aspects to the anaesthetic management of both small and large animals. The course is taught in a two-hour weekly seminar format using video conference links between anaesthesiology faculty and graduate students at the Atlantic Veterinary College and other Canadian veterinary colleges.
PREREQUISITE:  DVM or equivalent degree
LECTURES: 2 hours
HOURS OF CREDIT: 2

VCA 843 GRADUATE ANAESTHESIOLOGY III:  CLINICAL ANESTHESIOLOGY
This course is a detailed study of the anaesthetic management of patients with disease of different body systems, as well as selected patients and procedures. This course emphasizes clinically relevant aspects of the pathophysiology of different disease processes in both small and large animals. The course is taught in a two-hour weekly seminar format using video conference links between anaesthesiology faculty and graduate students at the Atlantic Veterinary College and other Canadian veterinary colleges.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree and permission of the instructor
LECTURES: 2 hours
HOURS OF CREDIT: 2 

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VCA 990 SEMINAR
This is a seminar course in which students attend and present annual seminars on topics in their discipline, are evaluated on their seminars, and provide constructive criticism to others giving seminars in the course.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to PhD program.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 1

HEALTH MANAGEMENT

VHM 801 VETERINARY BIOSTATISTICS
This course provides the student with a working knowledge of the basic statistical techniques used in veterinary science. Topics include descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, non-parametric statistics, analysis of variance, regression and correlation and experimental design.
PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LECTURES: 2 hours
LABORATORIES: 2 hours

VHM 802 ADVANCED VETERINARY BIOSTATISTICS
This course covers linear and logistic models, i.e. multiple linear and logistic regression and analysis of variance procedures for analysis of continuous and dichotomous outcomes with respect to multiple factors or explanatory variables. In addition, the course gives an introduction to experimental design and to analysis of data from complex experimental designs with multiple levels of variation or repeated measurements. The course is partially taught in conjunction with VHM 812.
PREREQUISITE: VHM 801 or permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 2 or 3
LECTURES/SEMINARS: 2 hours
LABORATORIES: 3 hours

VHM 811 EPIDEMIOLOGY I
This course provides students with an understanding of epidemiologic principles and methods with an emphasis on the concepts used in population health research. Specific topics covered include observational study design, sampling, measures of disease frequency, measures of association, validity (bias), confounding and stratified analyses, screening tests and the design of clinical trials.
PREREQUISITE: Permission of the Instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 4
LECTURES / SEMINARS: 5 hours
LABORATORIES: 1 hour
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VHM 812 EPIDEMIOLOGY II
This course provides students with a more detailed understanding of epidemiologic study design principles and a working knowledge of many multivariable statistical methods used in epidemiologic research. Specific topics covered include: linear regression, logistic regression, Poisson models, analysis of survival data, design of observational studies and validity (bias). The course is partially taught in conjunction with VHM 802.
PREREQUISITE: VHM 801, VHM 811 or permission of the Instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: Four
LECTURES/SEMINARS: 5 hours
LABORATORIES: 1 hour

VHM 822 POPULATION MEDICINE IN AQUACULTURE
This course covers current developments in finfish, crustacean and bivalve clinical health management with a particular focus on the epidemiology of infectious and non-infectious production problems. The lecture and seminar course topics include disease surveillance, diagnostic test evaluation, investigation of causal factors and evaluating health management practices. Field trips to aquaculture sites in the Atlantic Canada region are necessary.
PREREQUISITE: DVM, VPM 811 (or equivalent) and VHM 811 and permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LECTURES: 2 hours
LAB/SEMINARS: 2 hours

VHM 823 HEALTH AND PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT IN SHELLFISH AND CRUSTACEAN AQUACULTURE
This course covers the principles and application of health and production management and practices of significant shellfish aquaculture species in Atlantic Canada, and crustacean aquaculture globally. Topics include the biology, production methods, diagnosis, treatment and management of production and disease problems, and aquatic ecosystem health. Field trips to aquaculture sites occur.
PREREQUISITE: Permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LECTURES: 2 Hours
LAB/SEMINARS: 1 Hour

VHM 831 TOPICS IN BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
This course reviews current developments in frequently used statistical techniques and introduces the student to some advanced biostatistical techniques including survival analysis, factor analysis, and general linear models.
PREREQUISITE: VHM 801 or VHM 802 (preferred) and permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 2
LECTURES: 2 hours

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VHM 832 SELECTED TOPICS IN BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
This course reviews current developments in frequently used statistical techniques and introduces the student to advanced biostatistical techniques such as multilevel modelling, survival analysis, or Bayesian methodology
PREREQUISITE: VHM 801 or VHM 802 (preferred) and permission of the instructor
Lectures: 1 hour
Hours of Credit: 1

VHM 833 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE RISK ANALYSIS APPLIED TO ANIMAL AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH
This course will cover the concepts of quantitative risk analysis based on stochastic simulation, and its application in a regulatory context for estimation of risk associated with live animal and animal food products. An introduction to qualitative risk analysis is included, contrasting the main advantages and disadvantages of quantitative and qualitative risk assessment. The course will introduce the concepts of scenario pathway modelling, probability distributions, statistical distributions applied in risk assessment, parameter estimation, uncertainty and variability analysis, sensitivity analysis, and use of risk assessment as decision support tool.
PREREQUISITE: VHM 801, VHM 811 or permission of the instructor
LECTURES: 3 hours

VHM 841 BOVINE THERIOGENOLOGY
This course involves advanced training in bovine theriogenology with emphasis placed on areas that are of most benefit to individual students. Topics include: applied reproductive physiology of cattle, control of the estrous cycle and ovulation, diseases and conditions affecting the reproductive system of cattle, and reproductive efficiency in cattle management. Any necessary training in diagnostic techniques, including breeding soundness evaluation, is provided. Embryo transfer and advanced reproductive technologies are discussed. Students participate in herd visits to dairy and beef farms and are involved in bovine reproduction cases that are presented to the veterinary teaching hospital.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINARS: 6 hours

VHM 842 EQUINE THERIOGENOLOGY
This course involves advanced training in equine theriogenology with emphasis placed on areas that are of most benefit to individual students. Topics include: applied reproductive physiology of horses, control of the estrous cycle and ovulation, diseases and conditions affecting the reproductive system of horses, and breeding management. Any necessary training in diagnostic techniques, including breeding soundness evaluation, is provided. Embryo transfer and advanced reproductive technologies are discussed. Students are also involved in equine reproduction cases that are presented to the veterinary teaching hospital.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of instructor
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINAR: 6 hours

VHM 843 EQUINE BREEDING FARM THERIOGENOLOGY
This course involves advanced training in equine theriogenology with emphasis placed on theriogenology as practised on breeding farms. Any necessary training in diagnostic techniques is provided. Students participate in visits to equine stud farms at the height of the breeding season and are involved in equine reproduction cases that are presented to the veterinary teaching hospital.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of instructor
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINAR: 6 hours
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VHM 845 LARGE ANIMAL SURGERY
The course involves advanced training in veterinary surgery with emphasis on food animal and equine general surgery. Emphasis is placed on areas that are of most benefit to individual students. Topics include: surgery of the skin and adnexa, orthopaedic-related surgery, abdominal surgery, respiratory tract surgery, and urogenital surgery. Any necessary additional training in diagnostic evaluation of surgical cases is provided. Students are involved in cases admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, and those examined at farms and training facilities.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree; permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 hours

VHM 846 EQUINE SURGERY AND LAMENESS
The course involves advanced training in equine surgery with emphasis on orthopedic and soft tissue surgery. Emphasis is placed on areas that are of most benefit to individual students. Topics include: surgery of the skin and adnexa, orthopedic related surgery, lameness evaluation, abdominal surgery, respiratory tract surgery, and urogenital surgery. Any necessary additional training in diagnostic evaluation of surgical or lameness cases is provided. Students are involved in cases admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital, and cases examined at farms and training facilities.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of instructor
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 hours
LAB/SEMINAR: 6 hours

VHM 848 ADVANCED CLINICS IN LARGE ANIMAL INTERNAL MEDICINE I
This course provides training in large animal internal medicine and is offered in any academic semester based on student enrolment. Under close supervision of an ACVIM diplomate, students spend 12 weeks on the large animal medicine clinical service in the VTH. Using the problem-oriented approach, students examine patients, perform diagnostic procedures, interpret diagnostic tests, and diagnose and treat food animal and equine patients. Topics discussed in rounds include preventive medicine, infectious disease, diseases affecting performance or production, pharmacology, etc. Students are required to present an in-depth analysis of a clinical case once monthly in house officer rounds.  Students enrolled in this course are expected to participate in emergency duty.
PREREQUISITES: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINAR:  6 hours

VHM 849 ADVANCED CLINICS IN LARGE ANIMAL INTERNAL MEDICINE II
This course provides advanced training in large animal internal medicine and is offered in any academic semester based on student enrolment. Under the supervision of an ACVIM diplomate, students spend 12 weeks on the large animal medicine clinical service in the VTH. Using the problem-oriented approach, students examine patients, perform diagnostic procedures, interpret diagnostic tests, and diagnose and treat food animal and equine patients. Topics discussed in rounds include preventive medicine, infectious disease, diseases affecting performance or production, pharmacology, etc. Students are required to present an in-depth analysis of a clinical case once monthly in house officer rounds. Students enrolled in this course are expected to participate in emergency duty.
PREREQUISITES: VHM 848, DVM or equivalent degree, permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT:  3
LAB/SEMINAR:  6 hours

VHM 851 TOPICS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION
This course reviews a selection of new developments in ruminant and non-ruminant nutrition. Research papers in the discipline are critically evaluated.
PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.
SEMINARS: 2 hours
HOURS OF CREDIT: 2
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VHM 860 RESEARCH PROJECT (MVSc program)
Each student in the MVSc program is required, under the supervision of a graduate faculty committee, to satisfactorily complete a small research project. The project may be based on either a clinical investigation or a special topic such as a prospective or retrospective case study. The project report should make some contribution to the body of knowledge in that field and it should lead to a paper suitable for publication in a refereed journal.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 6 

VHM 862 ADVANCED CLINICS IN FOOD ANIMAL INTERNAL MEDICINE
This course provides in-depth training in food animal internal medicine and is offered in any academic semester based on student enrolment. Under supervision of an ACVIM diplomate, students spend 9 weeks in the large animal medicine clinical service at the AVC and 3 weeks in the food animal medicine and surgery service at the University of Montreal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Students will also be given the opportunity to spend time with the farm services section of the AVC. Using the problem-oriented approach, students examine patients, perform diagnostic procedures, interpret diagnostic tests, and diagnose and treat food animal patients. Topics discussed in daily rounds include preventative medicine, infectious disease, diseases affecting performance or production, pharmacology, etc. Students are required to present an in-depth analysis of a food animal clinical case once monthly in house officer rounds. Students enrolled in this course are expected to participate in emergency duty.
PREREQUISITES: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of instructor
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 hours
LAB/SEMINAR: 6 hours 

VHM 863 ADVANCED CLINICS IN EQUINE INTERNAL AND PREVENTATIVE MEDICINE
This course provides in-depth training in equine internal and preventative medicine and is offered in any academic semester based on student enrolment. Under supervision of an ACVIM diplomate, students spend 11 weeks in the large animal medicine clinical service at the AVC and one week in equine dentistry. Students will also be given the opportunity to spend time with the equine ambulatory services section of the AVC. Using the problem-oriented approach, students examine patients, perform diagnostic procedures, interpret diagnostic tests, and diagnose and treat equine patients. Topics discussed in daily rounds include preventative medicine, infectious disease, diseases affecting performance or production, pharmacology, etc. Students are required to present an in-depth analysis of an equine clinical case once monthly in house officer rounds, with at least one case emphasizing preventative medicine. Students enrolled in this course are expected to participate in emergency duty.
PREREQUISITES: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of instructor
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 hours 
LAB/SEMINAR: 6 hours 

VHM 864 RECENT ADVANCES IN LARGE ANIMAL MEDICINE I
This is a lecture/seminar course designed to review recent advances in internal medicine and the physiologic mechanisms underlying health and disease of large animals, at a level appropriate for the first year of an internal medicine MSc/MVSc-Residency program. The course will meet for one contact hour per week for the fall and winter semesters, and the first summer session, and will involve a mix of instructor- and student-directed in-depth discussions of the relevant current literature or recently published texts. Considerable out-of-class preparation is required.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent, and permission of the instructor.
LECTURES or SEMINAR: 1 hour
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

VHM 865 RECENT ADVANCES IN LARGE ANIMAL MEDICINE II
This is a lecture/seminar course designed to review recent advances in internal medicine and the physiologic mechanisms underlying health and disease of large animals, at a level appropriate for the second year of an internal medicine MSc/MVSc-Residency program. The course will meet for one contact hour per week for the fall and winter semesters, and the first summer session, and will involve a mix of instructor- and student-directed in-depth discussions of the relevant current literature or recently published texts. Considerable out-of-class preparation is required.                                                                           
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent, VHM 864 and permission of the instructor
LECTURES or SEMINAR:  1 hour
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 

VHM 866 RECENT ADVANCES IN LARGE ANIMAL MEDICINE III
This is a lecture/seminar course designed to review recent advances in internal medicine and the physiologic mechanisms underlying health and disease of large animals, at a level appropriate for the third year of an internal medicine MVSc-Residency program. The course will meet for one contact hour per week for the fall and winter semesters, and the first summer session, and will involve a mix of instructor- and student-directed in-depth discussions of the relevant current literature or recently published texts. Considerable out-of-class preparation is required.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent, VHM 865 and permission of the instructor. 
LECTURES or SEMINAR: 1 hour
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

VHM 871 HERD HEALTH AND PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE
This course provides graduate students with an understanding of the principles of Herd Health and Production Management programs, udder and foot health, control of infectious diseases, fertility, young stock rearing, and farm economics. Lab exercises include analysis of data of farms that are enrolled in the Herd Health and Production Management program of the Farm Service group of the AVC.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent and permission of the coordinator
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 hours
LECTURE/LAB: 5 hours  

VHM 881-882 DIRECTED STUDIES
This course is a thorough study of a selected problem or topic in the discipline. The course may include directed reading, directed research, or collection and analysis of data. The student will prepare a written report and present a seminar on the topic.
PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 1-3
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VHM 890 SEMINAR
In this course, students attend and present annual seminars on topics in their discipline, are evaluated on their seminars, and provide constructive criticism to others giving seminars in the course.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to MSc or MVSc program.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 1

VHM 990 SEMINAR
This is a seminar course in which students attend and present annual seminars on topics in their discipline, are evaluated on their seminars, and provide constructive criticism to others giving seminars in the course.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to PhD program.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 1

PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY

VPM 802 ADVANCES IN PROTOZOOLOGY
This course is an in-depth study of recent advances in knowledge of the major protozoan parasites of animals. Lectures and seminars cover a variety of topics including developmental cycles, pathogenicity, immunogenicity, diagnostic procedures, and epidemiology of several protozoan diseases.
PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.
LECTURES: 2 hours
SEMINARS: 1 hour
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

VPM 811 DISEASES OF CULTURED FISH
This course reviews fish culture systems and the diseases encountered in cultured fish. The lecture and laboratory course covers culture techniques for fin fish and shell fish and the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of fish diseases.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or BSc (Biology) and permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LECTURES: 2 hours
LABORATORIES: 2 hours

VPM 812 RECENT ADVANCES IN IMMUNOLOGY
This is a lecture/seminar course designed to study in detail areas of immunology which reflect current interest or controversy. Major concepts in immunology are covered.
PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LECTURES: 1 hour
SEMINARS: 2 hours
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VPM 821 CONCEPTS IN VIRAL PATHOGENESIS
This is an advanced course reviewing the mechanisms by which viruses cause disease. The emphasis is on general concepts and mechanisms. Selected viral infections are used to illustrate the general concepts of virus-host interaction.
PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LECTURES: 2 hours
SEMINARS: 1 hour

VPM 822 ADVANCES IN BACTERIOLOGY
This course focuses on recent advances in the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis and molecular microbiology. Lectures and seminars will cover well understood topics in these areas and will include the application of biotechnology for the development of vaccines and diagnostic reagents.
PREREQUISITE: Undergraduate microbiology and permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LECTURES: 2 hours
SEMINARS: 1 hour

VPM 823 DIAGNOSTIC ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY I
In this course, the student is taught necropsy techniques including how to examine animals submitted for post mortem diagnosis. Pathogenesis and morphologic diagnosis of diseases prevalent in the fall season are emphasized. The student is required to complete at least 30-50 cases. The report on every case is to include a summary of all ancillary tests done in other units of the diagnostic laboratory. Selected cases are discussed at weekly pathology rounds. In addition, the student is exposed to techniques in histology, histochemistry, immuno-histochemistry, and macro- and micro-photography.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of the instructor.
LAB/SEMINARS: 6 hours
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

VPM 824 DIAGNOSTIC ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY II
In this course, the student gains further experience in necropsy techniques and interpretation of lesions. Pathogenesis and morphologic diagnosis of diseases prevalent in the winter are emphasized. The student is required to complete at least 30-50 cases. The report on every case is to include a summary of all ancillary tests done in other units of the diagnostic laboratory. Selected cases are discussed at weekly necropsy rounds.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINARS: 6 hours
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VPM 825 DIAGNOSTIC ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY III
In this course, the student is expected to gain further experience in necropsy techniques and interpretation of lesions. Pathogenesis and morphologic diagnosis of diseases prevalent in spring and summer are emphasized. The student is required to complete at least 30-50 cases. The report on every case is to include a summary of all ancillary tests done in other units of the diagnostic laboratory. Selected cases are discussed at weekly necropsy rounds.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINARS: 6 hours

VPM 826 ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY
In this course, the student is expected to gain further experience in necropsy techniques and interpretation of lesions. Morphologic diagnosis of diseases prevalent in a given season is emphasized and a more in-depth discussion of their pathogenesis is expected. The student is required to complete at least 50-60 cases. The report on every case is to include a summary of all ancillary tests done in other units of the diagnostic laboratory. Selected cases are discussed at weekly necropsy rounds.
PREREQUISITE: VPM 823, VPM 824, or VPM 825 or equivalent, permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINARS: 6 hours

VPM 827 DIAGNOSTIC CLINICAL PATHOLOGY I
In this course, initial training in diagnostic clinical pathology during the fall is provided. Interpretations and presentations of clinical biochemistry, hematology, urology and cytology samples from a variety of species are undertaken by the student. Formal case discussions and directed reading supplement the clinical material, with emphasis on diseases prevalent in the summer and fall.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINARS: 6 hours

VPM 828 DIAGNOSTIC CLINICAL PATHOLOGY II
In this course, training in diagnostic clinical pathology during the winter is provided. Interpretations and presentations of clinical biochemistry, hematology, urology and cytology samples from a variety of species are undertaken by the student. Formal case discussions and directed reading supplement the clinical material, with emphasis on diseases prevalent in the winter and spring.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINARS: 6 hours
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VPM 833 ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC CLINICAL PATHOLOGY I
In this course, further experience in diagnostic clinical pathology during the fall is provided. Interpretations and presentations of clinical biochemistry, hematology, urology and cytology samples from a variety of species are undertaken by the student. Formal case discussions and directed reading supplement the clinical material, with emphasis on diseases prevalent in the summer and fall.
PREREQUISITE: VPM 827 & VPM 828, permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINARS: 6 hours

VPM 834 ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC CLINICAL PATHOLOGY II
In this course, further experience in diagnostic clinical pathology during the winter is provided. Interpretations and presentations of clinical biochemistry, hematology, urology and cytology samples from a variety of species are undertaken by the student. Formal case discussions and directed reading supplement the clinical material, with emphasis on diseases prevalent during the winter and spring.
PREREQUISITE: VPM 827 & VPM 828, permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINARS: 6 hours

VPM 835 SURGICAL PATHOLOGY I
In this course, the student is provided initial training in gross and microscopic examination of biopsy materials and fixed specimens submitted to the diagnostic laboratory during the fall. Morphologic diagnosis and prognosis are emphasized, especially with regard to neoplastic diseases. The student is required to complete at least 30-50 cases. Selected cases are discussed at weekly necropsy rounds. In addition, the student is exposed to techniques in histochemistry and immuno-histochemistry.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINARS: 6 hours

VPM 836 SURGICAL PATHOLOGY II
In this course, the student is provided further training in gross and microscopic examination of biopsy materials and fixed specimens submitted to the diagnostic laboratory during the winter. Morphologic diagnosis and prognosis are emphasized, especially with regard to neoplastic diseases. The student is required to complete at least 30-50 cases. Selected cases are discussed at weekly necropsy rounds. In addition, the student is exposed to techniques in histochemistry and immuno-histochemistry.
PREREQUISITE: DVM degree or equivalent, permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINARS: 6 hours
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VPM 837 SURGICAL PATHOLOGY III
In this course, the student is provided further training in gross and microscopic examination of biopsy materials and fixed specimens submitted to the diagnostic laboratory during the spring and summer. Morphologic diagnosis and prognosis are emphasized, especially with regard to neoplastic diseases. The student is required to complete at least 30-50 cases. Selected cases are discussed at weekly necropsy rounds. In addition, the student is exposed to techniques in histochemistry and immuno-histochemistry.
PREREQUISITE: DVM degree or equivalent, permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINARS: 6 hours

VPM 838 ADVANCED SURGICAL PATHOLOGY
In this course, the student is provided a more advanced training in gross and microscopic examination of biopsy materials and fixed specimens submitted to the diagnostic laboratory during the second year of study. Morphologic diagnosis, pathogenesis and prognosis are emphasized, especially with regard to neoplastic diseases. The student is required to complete at least 50-60 cases. Selected cases are discussed at weekly necropsy rounds. In addition, the student is exposed to techniques in histochemistry and immuno-histochemistry.
PREREQUISITE: VPM 835, VPM 836, or VPM 837 or equivalent, permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINARS: 6 hours

VPM 845 DIAGNOSTIC BACTERIOLOGY
In this course students gain “hands-on” experience in clinical veterinary bacteriology. Various bacteria associated with disease conditions in animals are identified using microscopic (including flourescent microscopy), cultural and biochemical methods. Emphasis is placed on study of case histories, and interpretation of results including antimicrobial susceptibility data. Other responsibilities include familiarization with new diagnostic techniques, and completion of 30 cases by each student.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINARS: 6 hours

VPM 846 DIAGNOSTIC BACTERIOLOGY II
In this course students gain additional “hands-on” experience in clinical veterinary bacteriology. Various bacteria associated with disease conditions in animals are identified using microscopic (including flourescent microscopy), cultural and biochemical methods. Emphasis is placed on study of case histories, and interpretation of results including antimicrobial susceptibility data. Other responsibilities include familiarization with new diagnostic techniques, and completion of 30 cases by each student.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINARS: 6 hours

VPM 847 DIAGNOSTIC VETERINARY VIROLOGY I
This practical course deals with the isolation and identification of viruses in cell culture, chick embryos or animals and their detection using immunoassays. The student is required satisfactorily to complete about 60 cases. In weekly discussions, special emphasis is also placed on understanding approaches to the diagnosis of viral diseases, sterilization, disinfection and biosafety, sterile technique in collection of specimens, and processing, packaging and shipment of specimens for virus diagnosis.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LABORATORY: 5 hours
SEMINAR: 0.5
TUTORIAL: 0.5
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VPM 848 DIAGNOSTIC VETERINARY VIROLOGY II
This practical course deals with the isolation and identification of viruses in cell culture, chick embryos or animals and their detection using immunoassays. Tutorials utilize selected clinical cases to familiarize the student with the interpretation of laboratory test results. Current trends in diagnostic virology, serology and vaccinology are covered in group discussions on assigned readings in scientific literature.
PREREQUISITE: VPM 847 and permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LAB/SEMINARS: 2 hours
TUTORIAL: 4 hours

VPM 849 DIAGNOSTIC IMMUNOLOGY
This course covers a variety of immunodiagnostic techniques. Principles of serologic techniques and their application to disease diagnosis are discussed. The development of these techniques and their validation is covered in lecture and during laboratory sessions. Principles of immunohistological testing for both infectious diseases and for immunological diseases are discussed with relevant clinical examples, as are other immunochemical tests for immune-mediated disease.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of the instructor.
LECTURES: 2 hours
LAB/SEMINARS: 2 hours
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

VPM 852 DIAGNOSIS OF WILDLIFE DISEASES
In this two-semester course, the student is taught necropsy and investigative techniques for the diagnosis of disease in free-living and zoo mammals (land and marine) and birds. Participation in additional laboratory procedures is encouraged. The student is required to satisfactorily complete between 40 and 50 cases. The report on every case is to include a summary of all ancillary tests done in other units of the diagnostic laboratory, and brief comments on the significance of the disease diagnosed. Selected cases are discussed at weekly necropsy rounds.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of the instructor
LAB/SEMINARS: 3 hours
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

VPM 853 RESEARCH PROJECT (GRAD. DIP PROGRAM)
Each student in the Diploma program is required, under the supervision of a graduate faculty committee, to complete satisfactorily a small research project. The project may be based on either a laboratory investigation or a special topic such as a prospective or retrospective case study in the student’s principal area of interest.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of the instructor.
LAB/SEMINARS: 6 hours
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

VPM 854 DIAGNOSIS OF WILDLIFE DISEASES I
In this introductory course, students are taught necropsy and investigative techniques for the diagnosis of diseases in free-living wild animals (mammals, birds, and occasional reptiles and amphibians) submitted for post-mortem examination. Pathogenesis and morphologic diagnosis of diseases and their management implications are emphasized. Students are also encouraged to review collections of gross and histopathological slides of common wildlife diseases in the region and elsewhere.

VPM 855 DIAGNOSIS OF WILDLIFE DISEASES II
In this course, the student gains further experience in necropsy techniques, interpretation of lesions, and evaluation of the significance of the diseases identified in individual wild animals for the rest of the population. The student is also encouraged to either write and submit one article for the newsletter of the Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre or give an oral presentation on a pertinent wildlife health topic at the Departmental level or at meetings of provincial Departments of Natural Resources, subject to approval by the instructor.
PREREQUISITE: VPM 854

VPM 856 DIAGNOSIS OF WILDLIFE DISEASES III
In this course, students are expected to gain further experience in necropsy techniques, interpretation of lesions, and evaluation of the significance of the diseases identified in individual wild animals for the rest of the population, with increasingly independent work performance (necropsy, analysis, and interpretation of diagnostic cases). Students are encouraged to either write and submit one article for the newsletter of the Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre or give an oral presentation on a pertinent wildlife health topic at the Departmental level or at meetings of provincial Departments of Natural Resources (subject to approval of the instructor).
PREREQUISITES: VPM 854 and VPM 855

VPM 857 DIAGNOSIS OF WILDLIFE DISEASES IV
In this course, students are expected to gain further experience in necropsy techniques, interpretation of lesions, and evaluation of the significance of the diseases identified in individual wild animals for the rest of the population, with a high degree of independent work performance (necropsy, analysis and interpretation of diagnostic cases). Students are required to either write and submit one article for the newsletter of the Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre or give an oral presentation on a pertinent wildlife health topic at the Departmental level or at meetings of provincial Departments of Natural Resources (subject to approval of the instructor).
PREREQUISITES: VPM 853, 854 and 856

VPM 860 RESEARCH PROJECT (MVSc PROGRAM)
Each student in the MVSc program is required, under the supervision of a graduate faculty committee, to complete satisfactorily a small research project in the second year of study. The project may be based on either a laboratory investigation or a special topic such as a prospective or retrospective case study. The project report should make some contribution to the body of knowledge in that field and it should lead to a paper suitable for publication in a refereed journal.
PREREQUISITE: DVM or equivalent degree, permission of the instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 6
LAB/SEMINARS: 12 hours
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VPM 862 CELLULAR PATHOLOGY
This course is an in-depth study of cellular pathology. Lectures and seminars centre around a variety of topics including immunopathology, inflammation, healing disorders of cell growth, cell degeneration and cell necrosis. Both mammalian and ectothermic aquatic animal systems are discussed.
PREREQUISITE: Permission of Course Coordinator.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LECTURES: 2 hours
SEMINARS: 1 hour

VPM 863 ADVANCED RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY
This course involves advanced training in veterinary and comparative respiratory pathology, with emphasis on mechanisms of disease.  This advanced course provides residents and graduate students with an in depth understanding of the respiratory defence mechanism, host response to injury, inflammation,  pathogenesis of diseases and animal models of human disease.  The course consists of formal lectures and independent work by the graduate students describing  microscopic lesions (histopathology).  Two seminars will be presented by the graduate student.
PREREQUISITE:  Permission by the instructor
LECTURES:  2 hours
LAB/SEMINARS:  2 hours
TUTORIALS:  2
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

VPM 871 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TECHNIQUES
This course introduces students to basic techniques involved in recombinant DNA research and their application to the genetic analysis of animal viruses and other pathogens of veterinary importance. Students learn the principles and practical aspects of molecular biology techniques through lectures (2 hrs/wk), and hands-on-experience (6 hrs+/wk). Emphasis is placed on the following topics: techniques for the manipulation of nucleic acids, hybridization methods, gene cloning, DNA sequencing, gene expression, and PCR technology.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 4
LECTURES: 2 hours
LABORATORIES: 6 hours

VPM 872 ADVANCED HELMINTHOLOGY
This course is an in-depth study of helminth taxonomy/morphology and recent advances in knowledge of the major helminth parasites of wild and domestic animals. Identification of helminth parasites recovered at necropsy and on histologic sections is taught through lecture and laboratories. Additional lecture/laboratory topics include field and laboratory techniques used in the study of helminth infections and recent advances in disease pathogenesis, life cycle transmission, diagnostic procedures and immunology of helminth parasites.
PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
LECTURES: 2 hours
LABORATORIES: 2 hours

VPM 881-882 DIRECTED STUDIES
This course is a thorough study of a selected problem or topic in the discipline. The course may include directed reading, directed research, or collection and analysis of data. The student will prepare a written report and present a seminar on the topic.
PREREQUISITE: Permission of instructor.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 1-3

VPM 890 SEMINAR
In this course. students attend and present annual seminars on topics in their discipline, are evaluated on their seminars, and provide constructive criticism to others giving seminars in the course.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to MSc program.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 1

VPM 990 SEMINAR
This is a seminar course in which students attend and present annual seminars on topics in their discipline, are evaluated on their seminars, and provide constructive criticism to others giving seminars in the course.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to PhD program.
HOURS OF CREDIT: 1

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY COURSES IN FACULTY OF SCIENCE

ESC 801 PhD THESIS
This is the main science-oriented component of the PhD, and as such, it is a course in which students will conduct an original research project, report orally on this work throughout the course of the degree, culminating in the submission and defence of a dissertation. A formal approval to initiate the research project will be granted after the supervisory committee has been established and a research proposal, including a thorough review of pertinent literature available, is provided by the candidate. Students must register in this course each semester to maintain enrolment in the program. It embodies the research component of this program.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 

ESC 802 COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
This workshop-style course is central to the certification in Environmental Communication Strategies and is built on the training offered through UPEI’s Centre for Conflict Resolution. This course promotes the development of communication skills in the context of environmental issues and exposes students to direct interaction with representatives from industry, government, community, and the social sciences. The course will also provide broad theoretical and practical knowledge needed to resolve disputes as well as skills training in techniques of mediation, facilitation, and negotiation. Due to the uniqueness of this course, it is considered a critical component towards the development of experience and involvement on the decision making process. The topics addressed during presentations and discussions will be the starting point for the development of written reports that at a later stage will benefit from the feedback from the coordinating faculty, and the representatives of industry, government and community.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 

ESC 803 CURRENT ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
This course is intended to review the theory behind Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) through the use of case studies that best exemplify project development that prevent or minimize environmental degradation. This course will examine the needs, methods, regulatory frameworks and social implications of EIA with emphasis on recent Canadian case studies. On completion of this course, students will be familiarized with the concept of EIA (its history, principles, key constructs and main steps), the legislative and institutional context of EIA, and will be able to critically examine EIA cases and identify their implications.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

ESC 804 PRACTICAL ISSUES SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
This course intends to provide hands-on experience to our students by deploying them in NGOs, government agencies, or environmental consulting companies for approximately 75 flexible hours (the equivalent to the number of contact hours typically considered for a course’s lectures and laboratory). The primary goal of this course is to expose students of a given environmental discipline into the multiple aspects involved in the actual issues and decision-making process that take place in agencies outside the academic setting. This unique training period (spread from two weeks to an entire semester) will provide human resources to often resource-limited groups/entities that will be chosen by each supervisory committee according to their relevance for the student research focus. Students are expected to gain unprecedented experience and, to some extent, provide actual input into environmental management. The student will prepare a written report and share their experience by giving a public seminar. The supervisory committee in collaboration with the Faculty of Science Graduate Studies Committee will be responsible for identifying an appropriate placement based on the student’s discipline and interests.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

ESC 871 ADVANCED STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY
This course provides an in depth analysis of environmental impacts of the major classes of contaminants including methodologies for environmental impact assessment and monitoring. Effects of environmental contaminants are examined at the ecosystem, organismal, cellular, biochemical and molecular levels. Additional emphasis is placed on understanding the fate of contaminants of concern in aquatic and terrestrial environments including their environmental chemistry, biogeochemical cycles, and exposure and uptake pathways by organisms. The course consists of lectures, discussions of peer-reviewed literature, case studies, presentations by students and laboratories.
Cross-listed with MMS 824
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 

ESC 872 ADVANCED STUDIES OF MACROECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY
This course examines our current understanding of the patterns of distribution and abundance of organisms from the integrative perspective of macroecology and biogeography. The first discipline is concerned with understanding patterns at large spatial and temporal scales via the use of large quantitative databases and statistical techniques. The second one is concerned with the study of the patterns of distribution of animal species by integrating information on historical events (e.g., plate tectonics), evolutionary processes, as well as ecological and physiological trends.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 

ESC 873 CONSERVATION GENETICS
Conservation genetics is an emerging and topical field of biology that combines molecular genetic approaches with environmental, evolutionary and ecological research under the umbrella of conservation biology. This course will cover a range of research topics pertaining to the conservation of biodiversity including ecological and landscape genetics, contemporary evolution and human-mediated change, invasion biology, genomics for endangered species, and genetics of captive or isolated populations. The course will introduce students to theoretical and experimental approaches to measuring and managing genetic diversity, as well as cultural and ethical issues in conservation biology through lectures, tutorial and case study discussion. Students will have hands-on experience with DNA and molecular marker analysis techniques, lead in-class discussions, write critical reviews of current research, and develop research proposals for selected questions in conservation genetics.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 

ESC 875 QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL MOVEMENT
A better comprehension of animal movement is vital to interpreting key ecological and evolutionary processes, such as the spatial-temporal patterns of resource selection, foraging behaviour, and predator-prey interactions. As human activities continually alter landscapes and influence the behaviour and movement patterns of organisms, a variety of pressing ecological and health issues are emerging, such as the spread of invasive species and infectious diseases. Hence, advances in our understanding of animal movement will have direct implications in several disciplines including landscape ecology, conservation biology, and wildlife management, as well as those dealing with public health. In this course, the student will investigate the various methods currently employed to study animal movement in complex landscapes.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 

ESC 877 VETERINARY BIOSTATISTICS
This course provides the student with a working knowledge of the basic statistical techniques used in veterinary science. Topics include descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, non-parametric statistics, analysis of variance, regression and correlation and experimental design.
Cross-listed with graduate level course VHM 801
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 

ESC 878 ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY AND CONSERVATION OF INSULAR SYSTEMS
This course examines the several fundamental patterns and processes that characterize biotas and environments on islands and other broadly defined insular systems. Topics covered include earth history and historical biogeography, speciation, dispersal, extinction, island biogeography, assembly and evolution of insular communities, island effect, adaptive radiation, environmental determinism, conservation biology, marine and terrestrial protected areas, and vulnerability of island biotas to terrestrial and aquatic invasive species.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 

ESC 879 ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN SCANNING ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPY
This course covers the principles of scanning electron microscopy including techniques used for the preparation of biological or other materials for microscopy and the use of specialized software to analyse surface features of samples. Students will learn to operate the instrument over the full spectrum of use and will generate their own images and learn to interpret patterns. A microscopical investigation of material relevant to the student’s discipline will form the basis of a course project.
Cross-listed with MMS 813 and HDH 825
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3 

ESC 880 MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY
This course examines principles of gene manipulation, and the application of molecular biology in all the fields of biotechnology. Recent developments in medicine, agriculture, industry and basic research are considered. Emphasis is placed on reviewing current literature in the field, particularly on areas more closely related to the natural sciences/ environment.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

MMS 801 PHD THESIS
This is a research‐oriented course in which students will conduct an original research project, report orally on their work throughout the duration of the degree program, culminating in the submission and defence of a thesis. Students must register in this course each semester to maintain enrolment in the program. It embodies the research component of this program, and serves a primarily bookkeeping purpose.

MMS 802 MOLECULES, MACROMOLECULES AND THE BUSINESS OF SCIENCE
This capstone course highlights the integration between Molecular and Macromolecular Sciences and Business. In conjunction with the Program Coordinators and the PEI BioAlliance, the student will be paired with a receptive industry or government partner to develop a new research idea, direction, or application of potential interest to industry. The student will consult on scientific business ideas within the context of recent literature, scientific expertise, and the current industrial environment, with a focus on entrepreneurship and the development of new scientific products, processes, or markets. The partner in this course will be chosen so that the project will build toward the student’s doctoral thesis with integration across all three components (doctoral‐level study, MMS, and the business of science) of the program. This cross‐sector collaboration will culminate in the student presenting and defending his/her work on the developed concept to industry and academic experts. This six-credit course will take place over a period of two–three semesters.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to PhD program
HOURS OF CREDIT: 6

MMS 803 DIRECTED STUDIES IN MOLECULAR AND MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCES
This course is a thorough study of a selected topic in the Molecular and Macromolecular Sciences constellation. Entry to the course, and the course outline, are subject to the approval of the Supervisory Committee and the Dean of Science. The course may include directed reading, directed research, and discussion with the instructor. The student may be required to prepare a written report and/or present a seminar in the area. Topics must not be directly related to the student’s research project, although they may be in the same discipline. Coverage of the topic by the student must include the relevant commercial and business aspects of the field.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

MMS 804 FIELD COURSE IN MARINE DRUG DISCOVERY
This course offering will familiarize students in the areas of marine natural products, marine taxonomy, field based biological assays of relevance to drug discovery, marine microbiology, and biotechnology. Lectures will introduce students to the concepts of field research and their applications to drug discovery. Students will participate in field collections of marine invertebrates. The collected organisms will then be subjected to several biological and chemical assays. Students will present field reports identifying the collected species and any chemical or biological activities observed. The second half of the course will focus on supervised research projects. The project topics will be chosen by the students and instructors. In lieu of a text book, students will be provided with a collection of several publications from the marine natural products literature. These articles will include reviews of marine natural products, reports of recent advances, and founding texts of the field. Course experience in invertebrate zoology at the undergraduate level is strongly recommended.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

MMS 805 ADVANCED STUDIES IN NMR SPECTROSCOPY
This course covers the use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometry used in the determination of structures in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry. Major topics include the theory and use of NMR spectroscopy, in particular the use of 2D experiments and multi‐nuclear NMR spectroscopy. Particular emphasis is placed on developing the students' ability to interpret spectra and elucidate the structure of a molecule based on this evidence beyond the undergraduate level, as well as the role NMR has played as a structural tool in the pharmaceutical industry and academia.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

MMS 806 ADVANCED TOPICS IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY
(See MMS 883)

MMS 807 ADVANCED STUDIES IN INORGANIC REACTION MECHANISMS
This course develops inorganic reaction mechanisms, with an emphasis on catalytic cycles, catalyst development, and the context of these reactions within the polymer, pharmaceutical and consumer product industries. Students will learn how to support reaction mechanisms through appropriate experimentation and spectroscopic characterization of catalysts, reactions and products. Students will examine how new catalysts are developed, patented and brought into commercial use. Major projects include a patent application on an imaginary catalytic system, and a report assessing the commercial relevance of a recent literature discovery.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

MMS 808 GREEN CHEMISTRY
This course will develop the fundamentals of greener chemical processes and syntheses. The course will present the principles of green chemistry in the context of case studies within Canadian academia and industry. Coursework and projects will aim to develop synthetic skills, providing students with the tools to propose green synthetic plans for small molecules and polymers while introducing students to wider political and environmental issues which impact on chemical industry.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

MMS 809 BIOMATERIALS
This course covers the fundamentals of the synthesis, properties, and biocompatibility of metallic, ceramic, polymeric, and biological materials that come in contact with tissue and biological fluids. Emphasis is placed on using biomaterials for both hard and soft tissue replacement, organ replacement, coatings and adhesives, dental implants, and drug delivery systems. New trends in biomaterials, such as electrically conductive polymers, piezoelectric biomaterials, and solgel processing are discussed, and the recent merging of cell biology and biochemistry with materials is examined.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

MMS 810 SOFT CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
This course utilizes a variety of tools developed within the general framework of statistical and solid‐state physics to study the structural and dynamic properties of a number of important soft‐condensed matter systems, including: polymers, liquid crystals, and membranes. Some key topics include: (1) Liquid crystals: elasticity, deformations, surface effects, fluctuations and scattering; (2) Polymers: chain conformations, mixtures and phase behaviour, motion in melts and glasses (viscoelasticity, relaxation, reptation); (3) Membranes: two and three dimensional networks, self‐assembly of amphiphiles, thermal fluctuations in membrane shape, bilayer bending and surface curvature. One of the goals of the course is to introduce students to a variety of important analytical methods, including: mean‐field theory, density functional theory, Landau‐Ginzberg theory, and renormalization‐group theory. In addition, a number of key computational methods are employed to explore the properties of some simple polymeric systems, including: Monte Carlo, Molecular Dynamics and Discontinuous Molecular Dynamics.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

MMS 811 ADVANCE TOPICS IN MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
This course introduces students to instrumentation that is routinely used in materials chemistry. The techniques to be covered include powder X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, electron microscopy, AC impedance and Raman spectroscopy. The theory behind these techniques will be thoroughly discussed in class, with an emphasis of data interpretation. Students will also gain hands‐on experience with these instrumental techniques through laboratory work.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3

MMS 813 ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN SCANNING ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPY
(See HDH 825)

MMS 824 ADVANCES STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY
This course provides an in‐ depth analysis of environmental impacts of the major classes of contaminants including methodologies for environmental impact assessment and monitoring. Effects of environmental contaminants are examined at the ecosystem, organismal, cellular, biochemical and molecular levels. Additional emphasis is placed on understanding the fate of contaminants of concern in aquatic and terrestrial environments including their environmental chemistry, biogeochemical cycles, and exposure and uptake pathways by organisms. The course consists of lectures, discussions of peer‐reviewed literature, case studies, presentations by students and laboratories.
PREREQUISITE: Admission to a graduate program in Science
HOURS OF CREDIT: 3
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